As Oscar Wilde said, expect the unexpected. Having essential first aid skills can make the difference between life and death. Whether you are at home, work, or out in public, emergencies can happen at any time. Being prepared with basic first aid knowledge empowers you to act swiftly and effectively when every second counts. Here are the seven essential first aid skills that everyone should learn:
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
CPR is arguably the most critical first aid skill you can possess. This life-saving technique is used when someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped. CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain blood circulation and oxygenation until professional help arrives. Learning proper CPR technique is crucial, as incorrect application can be ineffective or even harmful.
- Choking Relief
Knowing how to help someone who is choking is an invaluable skill. The Heimlich manoeuvre, also known as abdominal thrusts, is the primary technique used to dislodge objects blocking a person’s airway. For adults and children over one year old, stand behind the person, place one hand on their abdomen just above the navel, and give quick, upward thrusts until the object is expelled. It is important to note that the technique differs for infants and pregnant women, so learning these variations is essential.
- Wound Management and Bleeding Control
Properly treating wounds and controlling bleeding can prevent infections and save lives in severe cases. For minor cuts and scrapes, clean the wound with soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and cover with a sterile bandage. For more severe bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or sterile gauze. If bleeding is from an arm or leg, elevate the limb above the heart level while maintaining pressure. Learning to recognise the signs of arterial bleeding, characterised by bright red blood spurting rhythmically, is crucial for immediate intervention.
- Fracture and Sprain Management
While you cannot diagnose or treat fractures and sprains fully without medical training, knowing how to provide initial care is essential. The key principle is immobilisation. For suspected fractures, avoid moving the injured area and create a makeshift splint if possible. For sprains, remember the acronym RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. These steps help reduce pain and swelling until professional medical help is available.
- Burn Treatment
Burns can range from minor to life-threatening, and knowing how to treat them properly is crucial. For first-degree burns (reddened skin) and small second-degree burns (blisters), run cool water over the affected area for at least 10 minutes, then cover with a clean, dry dressing. Never apply ice, butter, or ointments to burns, as these can cause further damage. For severe burns, cover the area with a clean, dry cloth and seek immediate medical attention.
- Recognition and Management of Shock
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. It can result from severe injuries, allergic reactions, or other medical emergencies. Recognising the signs of shock – pale, cool, and clammy skin, weakness, confusion, and rapid breathing – is vital. To manage shock, have the person lie down with their feet elevated about 12 inches, keep them warm with a blanket, and do not give them anything to eat or drink. Call for emergency medical help immediately.
- Basic Life Support and Recovery Position
Knowing how to assess an unconscious person and place them in the recovery position is another vital skill. First, check for responsiveness and breathing. If the person is unconscious but breathing, gently roll them onto their side, supporting their head and neck. This position helps keep the airway open and prevents choking if the person vomits. If the person is not breathing, begin CPR immediately.
Learning these essential first aid skills can empower you to act confidently in emergency situations. However, it is important to remember that first aid is just that – first response care. Remember, in any emergency situation, the first step is always to ensure your own safety before helping others. Stay calm, assess the situation, and call for professional help when needed. With these essential first aid skills in your toolkit, you will be better prepared to face unexpected emergencies and potentially save lives.
STS First Aid hold fully-accredited first aid and safety training courses that will equip you with the skills to respond when faced with an emergency. Remember, when in doubt, call emergency services – it is better to be cautious than to risk making a situation worse with incorrect actions. Get in touch to learn more and download of training schedule for 2025 at the top of this page.
